|
The Abipones ((スペイン語:Abipones), singular ) were an indigenous peoples of Argentina's Gran Chaco, users of one of the Guaicuruan languages.〔 They ceased to exist as an independent ethnic group in the early 19th century. A small number of survivors assimilated into Argentine society.〔 ==History== The Abipones originally occupied the Gran Chaco of Argentina, in the lower portions of the Bermejo River.〔 They were originally a seasonally mobile people of hunters, gatherers, fishers and to a limited extent farmers.〔 In 1641 the Abipones had already obtained the horse from the Spanish settlers and abandoned farming for cattle and horse raiding. By that time they still lived north of the Bermejo River〔 They became feared by their neighbours and the Spanish farmers, and even threatened major cities.〔〔 It is likely they were driven south of their original range by the Spaniards and other native tribes, such as the Tobas.〔 They were finally concentrated in the Argentinian territory lying between Santa Fe and Santiago del Estero,〔''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th edition (1911).〕 between the Rio Bermejo on the north and the Salado River on the south.〔 Before the introduction of the horse in the region, they subsisted by hunting, fishing, food gathering and only a limited amount of agriculture.〔 With the horse, came a change in the regional and in particular the Abipon's way of surviving. They shifted away from agriculture and towards hunting from horseback, wild cattle, rhea, guanaco, deer, and peccary. The horses also lead them to raid the Spanish ranches and even the cities of Asuncion and Corrientes.〔 From 1710 a major military effort by the Spanish began gradually to impose authority on the Abipones.〔 By 1750 Jesuit missions had been established among them (chiefly by Martin Dobrizhoffer, who had been a missionary in Paraguay for eighteen years〔), and they had been Christianized〔 and forced to become sedentary.〔 The colonies had incessant trouble with Spanish settlers, and were often raided by the Tobas and the Moobobis, another warlike tribe. By 1768 over half of the Abipones had succumbed to disease.〔 and they numbered not more than 5,000. The expulsion of the Jesuits by the Spaniards in that year was fatal for the Abipones. When they attempted to resume their former lifestyles they found their traditional lands occupied by settlers and other nations.〔 The Tobas and Moobobis, aided by disease, destroyed them as a nation in the course of less than half a century.〔 The survivors assimilated into the general Argentinian population.〔 They learned to speak Spanish, and abandoned their old customs. The last speaker of the Abipón language is believed to have died in the 19th century.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Abipón people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|